Industry

Note: Problem-solving and personal-social losses generally deepen as cumulative FTTH exposure rises. Related article: The Broadband Problem Is an Atte

Note: FTTH exposure reduced communication and socio-emotional scores, with little change after child controls were added. Related article: The Broadban

Note: Greece and Italy posted the largest rises in investment shares, while Spain’s increase was modest. Related article:

Note: Greece and Spain recorded the strongest output gains, while all three countries outperformed the low-allocation group. Related article:

Note: More complex national plans were generally associated with slower grant disbursement. Related article: [Europ

Note: The estimated growth impulse was largest in countries with the biggest RRF programmes. Related article: [Europ

Note: Lower-income economies were expected to receive the largest GDP gains from NGEU. Related article: [Europe’s Fisc

Note: The euro area’s smaller venture-capital base limits late-stage scaling and domestic ownership retention. Related article: Europe

Note: Delays destroy more project value than higher electricity costs, making time to power a central constraint. Related article: Europ

Note: Foreign-IP payments show how technology adoption can rise without equivalent domestic fiscal capture. Related article: Europe’s AI

Note: Broader coverage raises more revenue but turns the levy into a wider tax on cross-border digital services. Related article: Taxing AI

Note: Amount A would reallocate only 25% of profit above the 10% profitability threshold to eligible market jurisdictions.

Note:  The measured share of excess profit changes sharply with the benchmark used to define a normal return. Related article: Taxing AI Profi

Note: Most observations remain procyclical, showing that expenditure plans still respond to short-term growth surprises.

Note: Solar-panel sourcing is almost entirely concentrated in China, while wind turbines and liquid biofuels have broader—but still concentrated—supplier structures. Related article:

Note: Solar panels remain strongly import-oriented, whereas wind turbines retain an export surplus and recorded rapid growth in both import value and quantity. Related article:

Note: Chemicals account for the largest dependency share, while machinery, metals, minerals, and precision goods together represent nearly half of identified products. Related article:

Note: The EU–China goods deficit narrowed after 2022 but widened again by Q1 2026 as imports recovered and exports weakened. Related article: [EU vs.

Note: Critical-material risk becomes strategic when supplier concentration meets weak substitution options. Related article: Europe’s China Risk Is Not

Note: Better screening shows that Europe’s dependency problem is narrower than headline import shares suggest. Related article: Europe’s China Risk Is N