Policy

Losing one dominant supplier leaves major strategic materials exposed. Related Articles: China Decoupling and the $23.6 Trillion Cost of Economic Securi

Decoupling steadily widens the investment gap through 2050. Related Articles: China Decoupling and the $23.6 Trillion Cost of Economic Security | The Eco

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 China's trade openness spiked and partly retreated after its mid-2000s export boom.

The EU to China leverage gap has closed almost completely.

Civil-service protections appear to absorb the income damage linked to populist rule. Related Articles: Civil Service Independence: The Overlooked S

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Countries with heavier licensing tend to have lower income per person, although the relationship is descriptive rather than causal. Related Articles:

Source: North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Related Articles: “Europe Must Defend Europe”: U.S.

Note: More complex national plans were generally associated with slower grant disbursement. Related article: [Europ

Note: The estimated growth impulse was largest in countries with the biggest RRF programmes. Related article: [Europ

Note: Lower-income economies were expected to receive the largest GDP gains from NGEU. Related article: [Europe’s Fisc

Note: Delays destroy more project value than higher electricity costs, making time to power a central constraint. Related article: Europ

Note: Foreign-IP payments show how technology adoption can rise without equivalent domestic fiscal capture. Related article: Europe’s AI

Note: Solar-panel sourcing is almost entirely concentrated in China, while wind turbines and liquid biofuels have broader—but still concentrated—supplier structures. Related article:

Note: Solar panels remain strongly import-oriented, whereas wind turbines retain an export surplus and recorded rapid growth in both import value and quantity. Related article:

Note: Chemicals account for the largest dependency share, while machinery, metals, minerals, and precision goods together represent nearly half of identified products. Related article:

Note: The EU–China goods deficit narrowed after 2022 but widened again by Q1 2026 as imports recovered and exports weakened. Related article: [EU vs.

Note: Critical-material risk becomes strategic when supplier concentration meets weak substitution options. Related article: Europe’s China Risk Is Not

Note: Better screening shows that Europe’s dependency problem is narrower than headline import shares suggest. Related article: Europe’s China Risk Is N